Difference between a gift and a bribe given to a government officer

GIFT

A gift is something of value given without the expectation of return. Further, a gift is freely given with no strings attached. On some festival occasions gifts are exchanged ie there is an informal reciprocal agreement between the parties. Gifts are usually given with the motive of appreciation, fondness or love.

BRIBE

A bribe is the same thing given in the hope to influence or benefit something from a authority. A bribe is given with a string attached to dishonestly persuade someone to act in one's favour by a gift of anything such as cash or product. Moreover they are given as a reward for compliance by the Government Authority.

Most of us know about bribery, which amounts to corruption.. So let me give details of provisions made under the CENTRAL CIVIL SERVICES (CONDUCT) RULES, 1964 as regards Gifts. Under Rule 13 of the Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules, 1964.  

No Government servant shall accept, or permit any member of his family or any other person acting on his behalf to accept, any gift.

EXPLANATION.- The expression "gift" shall include free transport, boarding, lodging or other service or any other pecuniary advantage when provided by any person other than a near relative or personal friend having no official dealings with the Government servant.

Government servant may accept gifts from his near relatives or from his personal friends having no official dealings with him, but he shall make a report to the Government if the value of such gift exceeds limit prescribed by the Government.

Appearance in Court of Party in-person - Procedure

According to the PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE of SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

Appearance in Court of Party in-person

Any person not represented by an advocate on-record, subject to the provisions of Order IV Rule 1(c) proviso of the Rules, can be permitted by the Court to appear and argue his case in-person. He can remain present in Court at the time of hearing of his case and be escorted by a police personnel. A party in-person shall maintain decorum and dignity of the Court during the hearing of his case.

Order IV Rule 1(c) of Supreme Court Rules, 2013 - In petitions/appeals received from jail or a mailer filed by a party-in- person or \lhere a party-inperson as respondent is not represented by an Advocate-on-Record. the Secretary General/Registrar may require the Supreme Court Legal Services Committee to assign an Advocate. who may assist the Court on behalf of such person.

What is claim recovery

Claim recovery is called “subrogation”,  the substitution of one person or group by another in respect of a debt or insurance claim, accompanied by the transfer of any associated rights and duties. Which is a legal term meaning that the insurance company assumes the right of its insured to pursue a claim against a wrongdoer.

If your insurance company pays for damage to your car under the collision coverage, it will pursue its payment (and your deductible amount) from the party who was at fault for the accident. It will make a subrogation claim against that person’s insurance company. If it recovers all or part of the loss, you will get a pro rata share of your deductible back again.

Claim recovery also includes “salvage”. If your wrecked car was deemed to be a total loss (which means merely that it is financially impractical to repair it—not that it cannot be repaired), the wreck has value. It will be sold at an auto salvage auction to a salvage buyer. The money recovered goes to the insurance company that paid the claim. The salvage buyer will in turn sell undamaged parts to shops that are repairing other vehicles.

Doctrine of Pay and Recover in Motor Vehicle Act - Accident Cases

In this recent case, Shamanna v. The Divisional Manager, Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd. 

Date of Judgment: August 08, 2018

In the present case, the driver of the offending vehicle had no valid driving licence, at the time of the accident. This was clear violation of the terms of the insurance policy. The Tribunal had directed the insurance company to pay the compensation to the claimants and granted liberty to the insurance company to recover the same from the owner of the offending vehicle as "Pay and Recover".

In this particular case, the court held that it is the duty or obligation of the insurance company to prove that the driver had no valid driving license and such things lead to the breach of terms and conditions of the policy “pay and recover”  which can be ordered in cases of third-party risks. 

The High Court in appeal however held that only the owner of the offending vehicle was liable to make the payment of the compensation amount and that the Tribunal had no power to order for “pay and recover”.

The Supreme Court however held that the High Court could not interfere with the Tribunal’s order and that there was nothing in law or precedents which mandated that the power to order for pay and recover could be made by the Supreme Court only under Article 142 of the Constitution of India. Other observations made by the Supreme Court in the case are as under:

That as per the decision in National Insurance Company Ltd. v. Swaran Singh and others, the insurer had to indemnify the compensation amount payable to the third party and the insurance company may recover the same from the insured.

In this particular case, the court held that it is the duty or obligation of the insurance company to prove that the driver had no valid driving license and such things lead to the breach of terms and conditions of the policy “pay and recover”  which can be ordered in cases of third-party risks. 

Holding on to the decision of Laxmi Narain Dhut, the apex court directed the insurance company to pay the amount of compensation to the claimant accordingly and also said, “So far as the recovery of the amount from the owner of the vehicle, the insurance company shall recover as held in the decision in Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd. vs. Nanjappan and others (2004) 9 13 SCC 224 where this court was held. Also, said, "…that for the purpose of recovering the same from the insured, the insurer shall not be required to file a suit." It may initiate a proceeding before the concerned Executing Court as if the dispute between the insurer and the owner was the subject matter of determination before the Tribunal and the issue is decided against the owner and in favour of the insurer”. 

Doctrine of “pay and recover” implies the liability of the insurance company in cases of breach of policy condition due to disqualifications of the driver or invalid driving licence of the driver and in case of third party risks, the insurer has to indemnify the compensation amount to the third party and the insurance company may recover the same from the insured.

What is Indian Motor Vehicle Act?

The Indian Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 is an Act which regulates all aspects of road transport vehicles.

Further Motor Vehicle Act provides in detail the legislative provisions regarding licensing of drivers/conductors, registration of motor vehicles, control of motor vehicles through permits, special provisions relating to state transport undertakings, traffic regulation, insurance, liability, offences and penalties, etc. 

The Government of India made the Central Motor Vehicles Rules 1989 to exercise the legislative provisions of Motor Vehicle Act.